Psych

Antidepressant

SSRI

  • expreSS tRIps: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
  • Fly out: fluoxetine (SSRI)
  • Parrot: paroxetine (SSRI)
  • Desert Airline: sertraline (SSRI)
  • City: citalopram (SSRI)
  • Smiley face: serotonin (5-HT)
  • Keeping post-it out of the drawer: SSRIs inhibit the presynaptic reuptake of serotonin (5-HT)
  • Fax machine: venlafaxine (SNRI)
  • Dual copier/scanner: duloxetine (SNRI)
  • North and South: SNRIs (e.g. venlafaxine, duloxetine) inhibit the presynaptic reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
  • 2 month calendar: SSRIs and SNRIs (take 1-2 months to achieve maximum effect (not for acute treatment)

  • Happy and sad masks: SSRIs and SNRIs are first line agents for the treatment of depression
  • 5H-TV: serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). SSRI and SNRI treat depression by increase serotonin
  • Anxious coworker: SSRIs and SNRIs are first line agents for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
  • The Scream: SSRIs and SNRIs treat panic disorder
  • Dog tags: SSRIs and SNRIs treat PTSD
  • Obsessively neat: SSRIs are useful in the management of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
  • Binge drawer: SSRIs are useful in the management of bulimia, not anorexia
  • Shy guy: SSRIs are useful in the management of social anxiety disorder
  • Chronically frayed wire: SNRIs treat chronic pain (e.g. neuropathic pain)
  • Pain in the Diasweetes machine: SNRIs (e.g. venlafaxine, duloxetine) treat diabetic neuropathy (both NE and 5HT)
  • Fiber bars: SNRIs (e.g. venlafaxine, duloxetine) treat fibromyalgia

  • Inappropriately wet head: SSRIs may cause hyponatremia (SIADH)
  • Rejected advances: SSRIs can cause sexual dysfunction
  • Fat belly: SSRIs can cause weight gain
  • Sleeping on the job: SSRIs can cause drowsiness
  • Excessive smiley faces: SSRIs and SNRIs can serotonin syndrome
  • Hot and hypertensive: serotonin syndrome is characterized by hyperthermia and hypertension (autonomic instability)
  • Hyperactive foot tap: serotonin syndrome is characterized by neuromuscular hyperactivity (e.g. hyperreflexia, clonus) NMS: rigidity
  • Tricycle and mouse traps: serotonin syndrome can occur if SSRIs or SNRIs are combined with other drugs that increase serotonin levels (e.g. TCAs, MAO inhibitors)
  • “Silly pranks prohibited”: cyproheptadine (5HT-2 blocker) treats serotonin syndrome
  • Hypertensive coworker: SNRIs can cause hypertension
  • Withdrawn with the flu: withdrawal symptoms from SSRIs and SNRIs include flu-like symptoms (dizziness, fatigue, headache, nausea), taper off the drug

TCA

  • Tricycle: tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
  • Imprint: imipramine (and derivatives desipramine, clomipramine - TCAs)
  • Tripping: amitriptyline, nortriptyline
  • Prevented from picking up smiley face and compass balls: TCAs inhibit presynaptic uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine (NET, SERT)
  • Treat depression by up monoamines (S, D, NE)

  • Happy and sad masks: TCAs can be useful in treatment resistant depression (SSRI first line)
  • Resistant door: TCAs can be useful in treatment resistant depression (SSRI first line)
  • Pain from Diasweeties machine: TCAs treat diabetic neuropathy
  • Chronically frayed wire: TCAs treat chronic pain (e.g. neuropathic pain)
  • Pounding head bell: TCAs can be used for migraine prophylaxis (amitryptyline)
  • Obsessively neat: clomipramine (TCA) treats OCD (SSRIs first line)

  • Northside Prep: nortriptyline and desipramine (secondary amines)
  • Protected by secondary sign: secondary amines (e.g. nortriptyline and desipramine) are associated with less cholinergic effects (good for elderly)

  • Rejected advances: TCAs can cause sexual dysfunction
  • Anti-muscarinic tea party: TCAs inhibit muscarinic acetylcholine receptors → dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention
  • Confused elderly: TCAs are relatively contraindicated in elderly patients due to severe anticholinergic and antihistamine effects (use secondary amines)
  • Bee swatter: TCAs block H1 histamine receptors
  • Hefty kid: TCAs can cause increased appetite and weight gain
  • Sleeping kid: TCAs can cause sedation
  • Extinguished alpha flame: TCAs block alpha-1 receptors
  • Passed out: TCAs can cause orthostatic hypotension
  • Broken hearts: TCAs induced cardiotoxicity (e.g. fatal cardiac arrhythmias) is the most common cause of death in overdose
  • Inactivated peanut butter jar: TCAs block the cardiac fast Na+ channels, decreased contractility, QRS, QT propagation
  • Wide QRS crack: TCAs can widen the QRS complex on ECG
  • Twisted torsades streamer: TCAs can induce torsades
  • Baking soda: sodium bicarb teats widened QRS and ventricular arrhythmia caused by TCA overdose (increase serum pH, favor nonionized drug version, also increase Na in serum)
  • Shaking kid: TCAs can induce seizures (cardiac, coma, convulsion)
  • Stack of smiley faces: TCAs can cause serotonin syndrome

MAO I

  • Albino mouse: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A)
  • Albino mouse eating smiley face: MAO-A breaks down serotonin
  • Albino mouse eating north compass: MAO-A breaks down norepinephrine
  • Albino mouse eating rope: MAO-A breaks down dopamine
  • Black mouse: MAO-B
  • Black mouse eating rope: MAO-B breaks down dopamine

  • Mouse trap: MAO inhibitors
  • Irreversible trap: MAO inhibitors are irreversible
  • “Try a sip of wine”: tranylcypromine (MAO inhibitor)
  • Funnel: phenelzine (MAO inhibitor)
  • Boxed wine: isocarboxazid (MAO inhibitor)
  • Sledge hammer: selegiline (selective MAO-B inhibitor)
  • Brain tied with rope: selegiline (selective MAO-B inhibitor) increases dopamine levels in the CNS

  • Happy and sad masks: MAO inhibitors can treat depression (not first line)
  • “Not typical”: MAO inhibitors may be useful in atypical depression
  • Resistant wine bottle: MAO inhibitors can be useful in treatment resistant depression
  • Cog wheels: selegiline is useful in the management of Parkinson's disease (increases dopamine levels in the CNS)

  • Aged meats, wine, cheese: MAO inhibitors should be avoided with these tyramine containing foods
  • Albino mouse eating GI meat: tyramine is normally broken down by MAO-A in the GI tract
  • Trap releasing north compass cheeses: in the presence of MAO inhibitors, tyramine enters the circulation and acts as a sympathomimetic agent
  • Hypertensive and sweaty: tyramine toxicity can precipitate a hypertensive crisis (e.g. hypertension, blurry vision, diaphoresis)
  • Also blocks H1, a1: orthostatic hypotension, weight gain
  • Pile of smiley faces: MAO inhibitors can cause serotonin syndrome
  • Tricycle: MAO inhibitors should be avoided with other drugs that increase serotonin levels (e.g. TCAs, SSRIs, SNRIs → cause serotonin syndrome)
  • Phantom of the alpha: phentolamine (alpha-1 and alpha-2 blocker) can be used to manage hypertensive symptoms of tyramine toxicity

Bupropion

  • “NET DAT ball”: bupropion inhibits the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and the dopamine transporter (DAT) (work like amphetamines). No effect on serotonin
  • Pro ball player: bupropion (atypical antidepressant)
  • Aroused from sleep: bupropion exerts CNS activating effects
  • Happy and sad masks: atypical antidepressants can be used as first line agents to treat depression
  • “Pros don’t smoke”: bupropion can be used to treat tobacco dependence
  • Shaking: bupropion can induce seizures, avoid in seizure patients
  • Shaking binge snacker: bupropion is contraindicated in bulimia (may induce seizures)
  • Shaking skinny player: bupropion is contraindicated in anorexia nervosa (may induce seizures)
  • Kissing couple: bupropion does not cause sexual dysfunction
  • “Lose weight”: bupropion is less likely to cause weight gain

  • “Mirth and Misery”: mirtazapine (atypical antidepressant)
  • Happy and sad masks: atypical antidepressants can be used as first line agents to treat depression
  • Extinguished double alpha light: mirtazapine blocks alpha-2 receptors
  • Released smiley faces and north compasses: alpha-2 inhibition increases presynaptic release of serotonin and norepinephrine
  • Retired 52 and 53: mirtazapine blocks 5HT-2 and 5HT-3 receptors
  • Bee swatter: mirtazapine inhibits H1 histamine receptors
  • Sleeping fan: mirtazapine can cause sedation
  • Hefty fan: mirtazapine can cause weight gain
  • Kissing couple: mirtazapine does not cause sexual dysfunction

  • Trombone: trazodone (serotonin modulator)
  • Smiley face drummer: trazodone is a serotonin modulator (antagonizes 5-HT receptors and inhibits 5-HT reuptake)
  • Retired 52: trazodone inhibits 5HT-2 receptors
  • Happy and sad masks: atypical antidepressants can be used as first line agents to treat depression
  • Extinguished alpha lighter: trazodone antagonizes alpha-1 receptors
  • Erect trombone: trazodone can cause priapism (trazobone)
  • Fainting: trazodone can cause orthostatic hypotension
  • Sleeping players: trazodone can cause sedation
  • Bee swatter: trazodone blocks H1 histamine receptors
  • Rejected advances: trazodone can cause sexual dysfunction
  • Pile of smiley faces: trazodone can cause serotonin syndrome

Mood Stabilizers

Lithium

  • Polar setting: bipolar
  • 2 Stabilizing poles: mood stabilizers (e.g. lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, antipsychotics)
  • “Winter festiVAL”: valproate treats bipolar disorder (acute mania and maintenance)
  • Classic car carving: carbamazepine treats bipolar disorder (acute mania and maintenance)
  • Llama: lamotrigine treats bipolar disorder (maintenance only)
  • Psychotic painting on the high peak: first generation (e.g. haloperidol) and second generation (e.g. quetiapine) antipsychotics treat acute mania

  • Stabilizing chair lift: lithium treats bipolar disorder (acute mania and maintenance)
  • Narrow window: lithium has a very narrow therapeutic index
  • Early nausea: acute lithium toxicity causes GI symptoms (e.g. nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)
  • Late trembling: chronic lithium toxicity causes neurologic symptoms (e.g. tremor)
  • Late falling: chronic lithium toxicity causes neurologic symptoms (e.g. ataxia, confusion)
  • Undone bowtie: lithium therapy can cause hypothyroid
  • Hefty snowboarder: signs of lithium induced hypothyroidism include weight gain, dry skin, hair loss, and constipation
  • Insipidus fountain: lithium can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
  • Tarantula hat: lithium is teratogenic (Ebstein’s anomaly)
  • Large right head: atrialization of the right ventricle (seen in Ebstein’s anomaly with ASD and malformed tricuspid (regurge))

  • Thighs on high dive: thiazide diuretics (increase lithium levels)
  • “Low clearance”: diuretics (e.g. thiazides) and NSAIDs decrease clearance of lithium (decrease GFR)

  • Elevated “lift-ium” balloons: NSAIDs can increase serum lithium concentrations

  • "Lift"ium balloons: thiazide diuretics can cause increased lithium levels (bipolar disorder treatment)

  • Falling lift-ium balloon man: amiloride treats lithium induced DI (blocks Li+ entry into collecting duct cells → increased Li+ clearance)

  • insipidus fountain: amiloride is useful in the treatment of Li+ induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, block Li reabsorption

Valproate

  • “Seize the land”: broad spectrum antiepileptic agents (e.g. valproate, topiramate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam)
  • Welcome festiVAL: valproate (broad spectrum anti epileptic drug)
  • Toupee: topiramate (broad spectrum antiepileptic drug)
  • Llama: lamotrigine (broad spectrum antiepileptic drug
  • Elevator: levetiracetam (broad spectrum antiepileptic drug)
  • Focal arm shaking: broad spectrum antiepileptic agents (e.g. valproate) treat focal seizures
  • Generalized body shaking: broad spectrum antiepileptic agents (e.g. valproate) treat generalized seizures
  • Juvenile shaking arms: broad spectrum antiepileptic agents (e.g. valproate) treat juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (a type of generalized seizure disorder)
  • Chrome CYP450 cannon: many antiepileptic drugs are metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome P450 system

  • Welcome festiVAL: valproate (broad spectrum anti epileptic drug)
  • Inactivated baskets of salty peanuts: valproate increases Na+ channel inactivation
  • Elevated cab design: valproate increases GABA levels in the CNS
  • Nauseated: valproate can cause GI distress (e.g. nausea, vomiting)
  • Fat belly: valproate can cause increased appetite and weight gain
  • Trembling weapon: valproate can cause tremor
  • Liver spot: valproate can cause fatal hepatotoxicity
  • Squeezed pancreas sponge: valproate can cause pancreatitis
  • Tarantula: valproate is teratogenic
  • Tubes: valproate therapy during pregnancy can cause neural tube defects (e.g. spina bifida)
  • Bald head: Alopecia (valopecia)

  • Toupee: topiramate (broad spectrum antiepileptic drug)
  • Inactivated baskets of salty peanuts: topiramate increases Na+ channel inactivation
  • Binding to cab driver: topiramate directly, allosterically binds to the GABA-A receptor
  • Fatigued soldiers: topiramate can cause somnolence and fatigue
  • Scratching head: topiramate can cause confusion and cognitive slowing
  • Thin arm: topiramate can cause weight loss
  • Kidney cannon and cannon balls: topiramate can cause urolithiasis (kidney stones)
  • High pressure eye kettle: topiramate can cause acute angle closure glaucoma

  • Llama: lamotrigine (broad spectrum antiepileptic drug
  • Inactivated baskets of salty peanuts: lamotrigine increases Na+ channel inactivation
  • Sloughed off red mask: lamotrigine can cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS/TEN)
  • Cross-eyed: lamotrigine can cause diplopia

  • Elevator: levetiracetam (broad spectrum antiepileptic drug)
  • Sleeping on the job: levetiracetam can cause somnolence
  • levetiracetam acts downstream by disrupting vesicle fusion

Carbamazepine

  • “Seize the Night”: narrow spectrum antiepileptic agents (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, gabapentin)
  • Classic car: carbamazepine (narrow spectrum antiepileptic drug)
  • Classic tow truck: phenytoin (narrow spectrum antiepileptic drug)
  • “Grab a pint”: gabapentin (narrow spectrum antiepileptic drug)
  • Focal arm shaking: narrow spectrum antiepileptic agents (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin) treat focal seizures (and generalized tonic-clonic), can sometimes exacerbate other seizures like JME

  • Classic car: carbamazepine (narrow spectrum antiepileptic drug)
  • Inactivated salty sodium chip bags: carbamazepine increases Na+ channel inactivation
  • Focal arm shaking: narrow spectrum antiepileptic agents (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin) treat focal seizures (and generalized tonic-clonic), can sometimes exacerbate other seizures like JME
  • Three gems: carbamazepine is a first line therapy for trigeminal neuralgia
  • Unbalanced stack: carbamazepine can cause ataxia (esp for elderly)
  • Misaligned headlights: carbamazepine can cause diplopia
  • Inappropriate wet head: carbamazepine can cause syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
  • Sand timer: carbamazepine can cause agranulocytosis
  • Activated chrome bumper: carbamazepine induces cytochrome P450
  • Eosinophilic dress: carbamazepine can cause drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome
  • Tarantula: carbamazepine is teratogenic
  • Neural exhaust tube: carbamazepine therapy during pregnancy can cause neural tube defects (e.g. spina bifida)
  • Sloughed off red mask asian: carbamazepine can cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS/TEN), HLA B1502 allele, Asians

  • Classic tow truck: phenytoin (narrow spectrum antiepileptic drug)
  • Inactivated salty sodium chip bags: phenytoin increases Na+ channel inactivation
  • Focal arm shaking: narrow spectrum antiepileptic agents (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin) treat focal seizures (and generalized tonic-clonic), can sometimes exacerbate other seizures like JME
  • “Status”: status epilepticus (treat acutely with benzodiazepines and phenytoin for maintenance
  • Unbalanced stack: phenytoin can cause ataxia
  • Misaligned headlights: phenytoin can cause diplopia
  • Spilled salad: phenytoin can cause folate deficiency → megaloblastic anemia
  • Expanding gum: phenytoin can cause gingival hyperplasia
  • Big bushy beard: phenytoin can cause hirsutism
  • Lupus wolf: phenytoin and carbamazepine can drug-induced lupus
  • Eosinophilic dress: phenytoin can cause drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome
  • Sloughed off red mask: phenytoin can cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS/TEN)
  • Tarantula: phenytoin is teratogenic
  • Cleft trucker hat: phenytoin therapy during pregnancy can cause cleft palate
  • Activated chrome bumper: phenytoin induces cytochrome P450
  • Fractured osteoporotic axle: phenytoin can decrease bone density (P450 and increase vit D catabolism)
  • Pseudolymphadenopathy

  • “Status”: status epilepticus (treat acutely with benzodiazepines and phenytoin for maintenance
  • Ben’s Diner: IV benzodiazepines (e.g. diazepam, lorazepam) acutely treat status epilepticus (give phenytoin for maintenance
  • Barbershop: IV phenobarbital (barbiturate) can be used in treatment refractory seizures

  • “Grab a pint”: gabapentin (narrow spectrum antiepileptic drug)
  • Closed Calci-Yum ice cream cooler: gabapentin blocks voltage gated Ca2+ channels, block inward Ca
  • Chronically frayed wire: gabapentin treats chronic pain (e.g. neuropathic pain)
  • Diasweetes: gabapentin treats painful diabetic nephropathy
  • Fiber bars: gabapentin treats fibromyalgia
  • Zeus: gabapentin treats postherpetic neuralgia (reactivated varicella-zoster virus - VZV)
  • Unbalanced scoops: gabapentin and pregabalin can cause CNS side effects (e.g. ataxia, dizziness, sedation)

  • Raised CAB: vigabatrin and tiagabine (narrow spectrum antiepileptic drugs) increase GABA
  • V cab transmission: vigabatrin irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase (decrease GABA degradation)
  • Tied up cab driver, prevent cab from taken up: tiagabine inhibits GABA reuptake

Ethosuximide

  • “Seize the day”: antiepileptic therapy for absence seizures (e.g. ethosuximide)
  • “Absences”: absence seizure (a type of generalized seizure)
  • Inattentive student: absence seizures are characterized by sudden momentary lapse in awareness accompanied by staring, blinking, or clonic jerks
  • “3 spikes”: absence seizure manifest as 3 Hz spike wave complexes on EEG

  • “Ethos”: ethosuximide (a narrow spectrum anti-epileptic drug used to treat absence seizures)
  • Closed Calci-Yum chocolate: ethosuximide blocks Ca2+ channels
  • Closed T-thermos: ethosuximide blocks T-type Ca2+ channels in the thalamus
  • Punched in stomach: ethosuximide can cause GI distress (e.g. pain, nausea, vomiting)
  • Sleeping student: ethosuximide can cause lethargy or fatigue
  • FestiVAL banner: valproate is effective against absence seizures
  • Llama: lamotrigine is effective against absence seizures

Antipsychotics

Antipsychotics I

  • Typical post-impressionist: first generation (typical) antipsychotics (FGAs)
  • Halo: haloperidol (high potency FGA)
  • “Gazing”: “-azine” suffix of FGAs (e.g. trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, chlorpromazine, thioridazine, phenothiazine)
  • Trying to fly: trifluoperazine, fluphenazine (high potency FGAs) (greater D2 binding)
  • “Color theory”: thioridazine (low potency FGA)
  • “Color-Pro”: chlorpromazine (low potency FGA)

  • Snapping double rope: FGAs block D2 receptors in the CNS
  • Extinguished alpha flame: FGAs (low potency>high potency) block alpha-1 receptors
  • Bee swatter: FGAs (low potency>high potency) block H1 histamine receptors

  • Blocking positive voices: FGAs treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia (hallucination, delusion, disorganized thoughts/behavior)
  • Crazy peak: antipsychotics treat acute psychosis in many conditions (e.g. bipolar)
  • Agitated peak: antipsychotics (e.g. haloperidol) treat acute agitation or aggression/violence
  • Marionette: FGAs can be useful for the management of Tourette syndrome

  • Twisted streamer: FGAs can cause torsades de pointes
  • Shaking: FGAs can cause lower the seizure threshold
  • Long tapering flag: FGAs have a long half life (highly lipophilic)

low potency specific:

  • Antimuscarinic tea party: FGAs (low potency>high potency) block muscarinic receptors → dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention
  • Passed out: FGAs (low potency>high potency) can cause orthostatic hypotension (a blockade)
  • Van Gogh’s bed: FGAs (low potency>high potency) can cause sedation (h1 blockade)
  • Corn Yellow paint: chlorpromazine can cause corneal deposits
  • Deposits on retinal palette: thioridazine can cause retinal deposits (browning of vision)

  • Twisted streamer: FGAs can cause torsades de pointes
  • Shaking: FGAs can cause lower the seizure threshold
  • Long tapering flag: FGAs have a long half life (highly lipophilic)

high potency specific:

  • EXTRA pyramid hat on the roof: FGAs (high potency>low potency) cause extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) (cholinergic dopaminergic unbalance treated with benztropine)
  • Cocked head: acute dystonia (EPS seen within minutes), sudden onset sustained muscle contraction. Torticolis, ocular gyri crisis (forced elevation of eye), arching of back and neck
  • Uncomfortable in chair: akathisia (EPS seen within days), restlessness, can't sit still
  • Cog wheels: drug induced Parkinsonism (EPS seen within weeks), bradykinesia, tremor, masked facies (treat with anti-M)
  • Sticking out tongue: FGAs (high potency>low potency) can cause tardive dyskinesia (oralfacial dyskinesia)
  • Elevated milk production: FGAs (high potency>low potency) can cause hyperprolactinemia → galactorrhea, amenorrhea, impotence

  • “Now More Spicy”: FGAs (high potency>low potency) can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
  • Rigidly holding pipe: NMS is characterized by generalized “lead-pipe” rigidity (generalized rigidity)
  • Crazy, sweaty, and tachycardic: NMS is characterized by altered mental status, fever, autonomic instability
  • Eaten chicken: NMS is characterized by rhabdomyolysis

Antipsychotics II

  • Atypical surrealist: second generation (atypical) antipsychotics (SGAs)
  • “Quiet please, only whispering is appropriate”: quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone, aripiprazole (SGAs)
  • Zipper: ziprasidone (SGA)
  • closet: clozapine (SGA)

  • Snapping double rope: SGAs block D2 receptors in the CNS (weak)
  • Cut smiley cake: SGAs block serotonin receptors (5-HT 2A), lead to release of other NTs (dopamine, NE, Glut, GABA, Ach)

  • Hearing positive and negative voices: SGAs treat schizophrenia (positive AND negative symptoms)
  • Happy and sad masks: SGAs can treat depression (treatment resistant)
  • Resisting opening: treatment resistant depression (not to antidepressant monotherapy)
  • Obsessively neat: SGAs (e.g. risperidone) can help manage OCD (adjunctive with SSRIs)
  • Marionette: risperidone can help manage Tourette syndrome

  • less CNS/extrapyramidal effects, more metabolic effects
  • Bee swatter: SGAs block H1 histamine receptors→ sedation
  • Extinguished alpha candle: SGAs block alpha-1 receptors→ orthostatic hypotension (tachycardia)
  • Antimuscarinic tea party: SGAs (especially clozapine) block muscarinic receptors→ dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention
  • Obscured tea party: SGAs have lower affinity for muscarinic receptors than FGAs (less antimuscarinic symptoms)
  • Passed out: SGAs can cause sedation and orthostatic hypotension (block H1 and alpha-1)
  • Fat face: SGAs (e.g. olanzapine, clozapine) can cause weight gain
  • Elevated butter: SGAs (e.g. olanzapine, clozapine) can cause dyslipidemia
  • Bunch of candy: SGAs (e.g. olanzapine, clozapine) can cause hyperglycemia
  • Melting sand timers: clozapine can cause agranulocytosis
  • Surreal heart: clozapine can cause myocarditis or cardiomyopathy
  • Shaking clock: clozapine reduces seizure threshold
  • EXTRA pyramid hat asked to leave: extrapyramidal symptoms (e.g. acute dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism) due to D2 blockade (FGA>SGA). Less than 1st gen
  • Whispering to EXTRA hat: risperidone has the highest risk of causing EPS among the SGAs
  • Elevated milk release: elevated prolactin levels due to D2 blockade (FGA>SGA)
  • “Now more spicy”: neuroleptic malignant syndrome (e.g. mental status changes, rigidity, autonomic instability, fever) (FGA>SGA)
  • Bite out of chicken leg: NMS is associated with rhabdomyolysis
  • Twisted torsades streamer: SGAs can cause torsade de pointes