sketchy

  • Widened mediastinum on chest x-ray if pulmonary infection
  • B.cereus classically causes vomiting after eating reheated rice
  • Large gram positive rods in chains
  • Flouroquinolone treatment
  • Tetracycline treatment
  • Spore forming
  • "Wool sorters disease"- classically causes pulmonary infection in those who work with wool.
  • Protein capsule composed of poly-D-glutamic acid
  • Edema factor
  • Edema factor acts by causing elevation in cAMP
  • Lethal factor
  • Lethal factor responsible for tissue necrosis
  • Most common manifestation of infection is cutaneous black eschar
  • Pulmonary infection may lead to pulmonary hemorrhage
  • Spore forming
  • Spores found in soil
  • Obligate anaerobe
  • Lock jaw and facial spasms (risus sardonicus)
  • Vaccine consists of deactivated toxin (same color orange)
  • Tetanus toxin: cleaves SNARE
  • Tetanus toxin: cleaves SNARE preventing release of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and Glycine
  • Tetanus toxin inhibits inhibitory neurotransmitter release from Renshaw cells in spinal cord (wrench and saw)
  • Muscle spasms cause arched back
  • Tetanus toxin migrates to CNS via retrograde axonal transport
  • Endospores transmitted via puncture wound from rusty nail
  • Endospores transmitted via puncture wound from barbed wire
  • Spore forming
  • Transmitted by home canned food
  • Obligate anaerobe
  • Descending flaccid paralysis
  • Ptosis
  • Endospores found in honey
  • Botulism toxin prevents acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junction
  • "Floppy baby"
  • Obligate anaerobe
  • Toxin detected in stool
  • Spore forming
  • Clindamycin: C. Diff infection after antibiotic use
  • Exotoxin A
  • Exotoxin A attaches to brush border
  • Exotoxin
  • Exotoxin B disrupts cytoskeleton by depolymerizing actin
  • Pseudomembranous colitis
  • Watery diarrhea
  • Oral vancomycin for treatment
  • IV metronidazole for treatment
  • Obligate anaerobe
  • Spores found in soil
  • May cause slow onset diarrhea
  • Infection associated with motorcycle accidents and other major trauma
  • Double zone of hemolysis when plated
  • Penicillin treatment
  • Causes "gas gangrene"
  • Alpha-toxin disrupts cell membrane function
  • Alpha-toxin also has hemolytic activity
  • Infection associated with deep penetrating military wounds
  • Metachromatic granules (red and blue)
  • ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2
  • Pseudomembrane on throat and tonsils
  • Bull neck
  • Transmitted by respiratory droplets
  • Cardiotoxic effects: myocarditis, arrhythimia, heart block
  • Demyelination causes nerve deficits starting in posterior oropharynx
  • b"Plated on Loeffler's medium"
  • b"Elek's test"
  • Inactivated pertussis toxoid vaccine
  • Club shaped rods in V or Y formation
  • Plated on Tellurite agar
  • Common cause of neonatal meningitis
  • Catalase positive
  • Tumbling motility
  • Beta hemolytic
  • Facultative anaerobic bacterium
  • Motile with flagella at 30 \xc2\xb0C and below
  • May be acquired transvaginallypregnant women may be advised not to eat soft cheese
  • Treatment with ampicillin
  • At body temperature, motile by actin polymerization, or "actin rockets"
  • Transmitted from dairy products
  • Transmitted by consumption of certain of cheeses

  • Infection also prevalent in elderly population

  • Obligate anaerobe
  • Formation of sinus tracts
  • Treat with penicillin
  • Gram positive filamentous rod

  • Infection associated with jaw trauma

  • Yellow sulfur granules
  • Urease positive
  • Gram-positive branching filamentous rod. - Similar to actinomyces
  • Obligate aerobe
  • Found in soil
  • Mycolic acids
  • Catalase positive
  • Immunocompromised especially affected
  • Pneumonia like symptoms
  • Associated with cavitary lesions in lung
  • Brain abscess formation
  • Cutaneous symptomsindurated lesions and inflammatory reaction
  • Treat with sulfonamides
  • Partially acid fast
  • Oxidase positive
  • Growth on VPN agar
  • Growth on VPN agar
  • Growth on VPN agar
  • Gram negative diplococci
  • Growth on chocolate agar
  • Alternate name for VPN agar
  • Patients with C5-C9 deficiency are unable to form MAC complex, leading to increased infections
  • C5-C9 deficiency
  • Pili demonstrate antigenic variation
  • IgA protease - cleaves IgA at hinge region
  • Easily spread in close quarters like college dorms
  • Ferments maltose in addition to glucose
  • Colonizes nasopharynx first. Transmitted by respiratory secretions.
  • Polysaccharide capsule inhibits phagocytosis
  • Polysaccharide capsule inhibits phagocytosis
  • Vaccine contains polysaccharide capsule
  • Type B capsule not included in vaccine
  • Sickle cell and asplenic patients at higher risk of infection
  • LOS envelope proteins cause inflammatory response
  • Inflammation leads to leaky capillaries
  • Inflammation leads to leaky capillaries
  • Characteristic petechial rash indicates thrombocytopenia
  • Petechial rash from thrombocytopenia. Risk of DIC
  • Petechial rash from thrombocytopenia. Risk of DIC
  • Petechial rash from thrombocytopenia. Risk of DIC
  • Petechial rash from thrombocytopenia. Risk of DIC
  • Capillary leakage can lead to hypovolemia and shock
  • Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, characterized by hemorrhage of adrenals
  • Ceftriaxone treatment
  • Rifampin prophylaxis in close contacts
  • IgA protease - cleaves IgA at hinge region
  • Asymmetric arthritis, commonly in knee
  • Gram negative diplococci, facultative intracellular in PMNs
  • not encapsulated
  • Causes Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in females
  • Characteristic white purulent discharge
  • Violin string adhesions form to capsule of liver
  • Fitz Hugh Curtis Syndrome: spread of PID into peritoneum
  • Early onset conjunctivitis in newborns
  • Ceftriaxone treatment
  • Chlamydia coinfection
  • Chlamydia coinfection
  • Sexually Transmitted Infection (the sexual tension is palpable)
  • Ceftriaxone treatment
  • Gram negative diplococci, facultative intracellular in PMNs
  • Ceftriaxone treatment
  • Urease positive
  • Lactose fermenter
  • Pink on MacConkey Agar
  • Capsule
  • Alcoholics
  • Abscesses
  • Aspiration
  • "Currant" jelly sputum
  • Immotile
  • Klebsiella
  • Enterobacter
  • Motile
  • Motile
  • Serratia
  • Produces red pigment
  • Pneumonia
  • Cavitary lesion
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Multidrug resistant
  • Acid-labile
  • Salmonella is motile
  • H2S positive, black colonies on Hektoen Agar plate
  • Capsule
  • Salmonella enteritidis
  • Salmonella typhi
  • The reservoir for Salmonella enteritidis is the chicken
  • Salmonella typhi in the gallbladder of chronic carriers
  • Typhoid Mary
  • Rose colored macules
  • Osteomyelitis
  • In Sickle Cell disease
  • "Pea soup" diarrhea
  • Fluoroquinolones treatment (ie Cipro)
  • Live attenuated vaccine
  • Inflammatory diarrhea
  • Type III secretion system
  • Facultative intracellular within macrophages
  • Facultative intracellular within macrophages
  • Acid stable
  • Green colonies on Hektoen agar
  • Immotile
  • Use of actin filaments
  • Invasion of M cells
  • Blood in stool
  • Inflammatory diarrhea
  • Glomerular damage
  • Drop in platelet counts
  • Red blood cell hemolysis
  • HUS common in young children
  • Toxin binds to 60S subunit of ribosomes
  • Type III Secretion System
  • Shiga-like toxin can cause HUS
  • Most common cause of UTI
  • Catalase positive
  • Lactose fermenter
  • Pink on MacConkey Agar
  • Encapsulated
  • K Antigen
  • Green on EMB agar
  • Fimbriae
  • Sepsis
  • Neonatal meningitis
  • Only if it has K antigen
  • Transmitted by eating undercooked meat
  • Bloody diarrhea
  • Does NOT ferment sorbitol
  • Damages endothelial cells in the glomerulus
  • Platelet aggregation and decrease in platelet count
  • Red blood cell hemolysis
  • O157:H7 antigen is associated with outbreaks
  • b"Traveler's diarrhea"
  • Transmitted via water
  • L = Labile A = cAMP
  • S= Stable G = cGMP
  • Watery diarrhea
  • Bipolar staining, sometimes described as having a safety pin appearance
  • Killed vaccine can be used to prevent transmission
  • Streptomycin (with tetracycline) for treatment
  • Resistant to cold temperatures
  • Y. enterocolitica transmitted through puppy feces
  • Infection can mimic appendicitis symptoms
  • May be transmitted through contaminated milk products
  • Toddlers are commonly affected by Y. enterocolitica
  • Transmitted by flea bites
  • Gram negative organism
  • Characteristic buboes form on skin
  • Uncontrolled spread can cause organ abscess, cutaneous hemorrhage, and tissue necrosis.
  • Yops secreted via type III secretion systems
  • Tetracyclines (with streptomycin) for treatment
  • Prairie dogs main reservoir in United States
  • Encapsulated
  • Causes bloody diarrhea
  • Grows at 42 degrees C
  • Poultry reservoir
  • Curved gram negative rod
  • Oxidase positive
  • Invasive
  • Reactive arthritis
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome - Ascending paralysis
  • Oxidase positive
  • Comma shaped mustache
  • Rice water stools
  • Watery diarrhea
  • Fecal-oral transmission
  • Gram negative
  • Fimbrae attachment
  • Increases cAMP
  • Activates Gs pathway
  • Oral rehydration therapy
  • Grows on alkaline media
  • Acid labile
  • Urease positive
  • Motile
  • Curved gram negative rod
  • Oxidase positive
  • Duodenal ulcers
  • Increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma
  • Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
  • Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)
  • Amoxicillin
  • Clarithomycin
  • Duodenual ulcers
  • Catalase positive
  • Gram negative rod
  • Thrives in aquatic environment
  • Oxidase positive
  • Produces blue-green pigment (pyocyanin and pyoverdin)
  • Produces fruity grape odor
  • Obligate aerobe
  • Nosocomial pneumonia and respiratory failure in cystic fibrosis patients
  • Osteomyelitis in diabetics and IV drug users
  • Encapsulated
  • Infection associated with burn patients
  • Nosocomial urinary tract infections
  • Ecthyma gangrenosum - black necrotic lesions on skin
  • Otitis externa
  • Toxin inactivates EF-2 by ribosylation (Same mechanism as Diphtheria toxin)
  • Piperacillin for treatment
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Urease positive
  • Swarming motility when plated
  • Forms staghorn calculi
  • Alkaline environment can cause struvite stone production
  • May cause UTI
  • Fishy odor
  • Treat with sulfonamides
  • Filamentous hemagglutinin
  • Adenylate cyclase toxin: acts like Anthracis EF toxin
  • Pertussis toxin increases cAMP
  • Tracheal toxin
  • 100 day cough: convalescent stage can last for months
  • DTaP vaccine has acellular Pertussis antigens
  • Lymphocytosis
  • Paroxysmal stage: Whooping cough
  • Gi disabled by Pertussis toxin
  • Pertussis toxin rirosylates Gi
  • Macrolide treatment
  • Transmitted by respiratory droplets
  • Coccobacillary shape
  • factor V (nicotinamide) added to chocolate agar
  • Rifampin prophylaxis for close contacts
  • Ceftriaxone for meningitis or systemic disease
  • Epiglottitis
  • Vaccine is polysaccharide conjugated to Diphtheria toxoid
  • Vaccine for ages 2-18 months
  • Factor X (hematin) added to chocolate agar
  • Strains with type B vaccine cause meningitis
  • Aerosol transmission
  • Grown on chocolate agar
  • Cherry red epiglottis
  • Increased risk of infection in sickle cell or asplenic patients
  • Otitis media
  • Meningitis in children
  • Vaccine for H. flu type B
  • Gram negative but needs silver stain to be visualized
  • High fever
  • May present with headache and confusion
  • b"Pneumonia with diarrhea suggestive of Legionnaires' disease "
  • Grown on charcoal yeast extract
  • Fluoroquinolone may also be used for treatment
  • Oxidase positive
  • Growth requires presence of iron and cysteine
  • Urine antigen test for rapid diagnosis
  • Hyponatremia
  • b"Legionnaires' disease more common in smokers "
  • X-ray shows patchy infiltrate with consolidation of one lobe
  • Pontiac fever: self limited fever and malaise
  • Macrolides for fever
  • Axillary lymphadenitis
  • Cat scratch fever occurs in immunocompetent patients (healthy young princess)
  • Cat scratch fever transmitted by cat scratches
  • Warthin-Starry stain
  • Macrolides can be used to treat either disease
  • Bacillary angiomatosis also transmitted by cat scratches.
  • Bacillary angiomatosis affects immunocompromised patients
  • Raised red vascular lesions in bacillary angiomatosis
  • Doxycycline treatment for bacillary angiomatosis
  • Axillary lymphadenitis
  • Direct contact: cow
  • Liver involvement
  • Gram negative
  • Splenic involvement
  • Ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products
  • Rifampin used for adjunctive therapy
  • Facultative intracellular organisms
  • Undulant fever
  • Doxycycline
  • Fever and anorexia
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Direct contact: pig
  • Painful ulcer at the site of infection
  • Transmitted by dermacentor tick
  • Regional lymphadenopathy
  • Rabbits are main reservoir
  • Facultative intracellular organism
  • Regional lymphadenopathy
  • Aminoglycosides for treatment
  • Granulomas with caseating necrosis in reticuloendothelial organs (i.e. lymph nodes)
  • Gram negative, coccobacilli
  • Catalase positive
  • Oxidase positive
  • Infection may spread to bone and cause osteomyelitis
  • Capsule is important virulence factor
  • Demonstrates double staining, described as a "safety pin"
  • Empiric treatment is penicillin
  • Cellulitis may occur within the first 24 hours
  • Transmitted by dog bites
  • Grows on 5% sheep agar
  • Primary TB: infects middle or lower lobe of lung
  • Primary TB: Hilar lymph node calcification
  • Mycobacterium cowboy: acid-fast gunslinger
  • cord factor
  • TB grows on Lowenstein-Jenses medium
  • Proliferates in macrophages
  • Symptoms of reactivation: cough, hemoptysis, night sweats
  • Obligate aerobe
  • Reactivated TB: affects upper lung lobes
  • CNS involvement with cavitary lesion or tuberculoma
  • b"Pott's disease "
  • RIPE: Rifampin, isoniozid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol
  • Reactivation with TNF alpha inhibitors
  • BCG vaccine can cause a false positive skin test
  • Latent infection
  • Positive PPD test
  • Fibrosis
  • Miliary TB can be lethal
  • Necrotic macrophages
  • Phagosome and lysosome unable to fuse
  • Sulfatides (spurs)
  • Mycolic acids
  • Carbol fuchin stain
  • Rifampin and isoniazid for prophylaxis
  • Ghon complex: Hilar lymphadenopathy + peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobe
  • Miliary T
  • Tuberculoid leprosy: Th1 response with cell mediated immunity
  • Treatment: Dapsone
  • Tuberculoid leprosy: well-demarcated, hairless, hypoesthetic skin lesion
  • Tuberculoid leprosy: able to contain bacteria within macrophages
  • Tuberculoid leprosy: positive Lepromin skin test
  • Armadillo is main reservoir in United States
  • Treatment: Rifampin
  • Thrives in cool temperatures: predilection for extremities
  • Treatment: Clofazimine
  • Lepromatous leprosy: bacteria unable to be contained by macrophages
  • Lepromatous leprosy: Th2 mediated humoral response
  • Carbol fuchsin stain
  • Lepromatous leprosy: leonine facies
  • Lepromatous leprosy: symmetric glove and stocking neuropathy
  • Lepromatous leprosy: poorly demarcated raised lesions on extensor surfaces of extremities
  • Human to human transmission
  • Humoral response (laughing)
  • Mycolic acids
  • Mycobacterium cowboy: Acid-fast gunslinger
  • Transmitted by bite of tick living in wooded areas
  • Primarily Northeastern United States
  • b"Visualized by Wright's stain"
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • "Bull\'s eye" rash
  • Spirochete
  • b"Bilateral Bell's palsy "
  • b"Bilateral Bell's palsy "
  • White-footed mouse main reservoir (host of tick larvae)
  • Doxycycline treatment if caught in early stage
  • Ixodes Scapularis species of tick
  • Tick is the vector
  • Ceftriaxone treatment if more severe or later presentation
  • Heart block caused by Myocarditis
  • White-tailed deer obligatory host (host of adult tick)
  • Encephalopathy
  • Migratory polyarthritis
  • Visualized by Giemsa stain
  • Conjunctival suffusion
  • Leptospira found in water contaminated with animal urine
  • b"Weil's disease can cause liver dysfunction and jaundice "
  • Described as spiral shaped or question mark shaped
  • b"Weil's disease "
  • Leptospira affects multiple different organs by hematogenous spread
  • Leptospira can cause kidney dysfunction
  • Fever
  • Spirochete: may be described as spiral shaped
  • Darkfield microscopy needed for direct visualization
  • Possible false positive antigens
  • FTA-ABS is specific test to confirm a positive screening result
  • Primarily syphilis characterized by painless genital chancre
  • Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction characterized by fever and chills
  • CongentialSaber shins, an anterior bowing of tibia
  • Congenitalsaddle nose
  • Tertiaryaneurysm of ascending aorta with "tree-barking" appearance
  • Formation of gummas: soft growths with firm necrotic center
  • b"CongenitalHutchinson's teeth and Mulberry molars "
  • Destroys vasa vasorum that supplies aorta with blood
  • Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction may occur hours after treatment
  • Congenital deafness
  • Tertiary: Argyll Robertson pupils, reacts to accommodation but NO REACTION TO LIGHT
  • Tertiary: damage to posterior column of spinal cord
  • Treatment: Penicillin for all stages
  • Test spot
  • Systemic disease
  • May see condyloma latum on mucous membranes
  • Maculopapular rash occurs on palms and soles weeks to months after infection
  • Spirochetes can be visualized within condyloma latum via darkfield microscopy
  • VDRL is a screening test for trepenoma
  • Add Ceftriaxone to treatment for gonorrhea coinfection
  • Obligate intracellular organism
  • Poor gram staining
  • Cell wall lacks muramic acid
  • 1st lifestyle stage: elementary body, infectious form, outside of organism and needs to enter
  • 1st lifestyle stage: elementary body, infectious form, outside of organism and needs to enter
  • 2nd stage: reticular body active form that can divide and replicate
  • Final stage: release back out of cell into elementary body
  • Inclusion bodies visible within cells under microscope
  • May be visualized with Giemsa stain
  • Commonly diagnosed by NAAT (nucleic-acid amplification test)
  • D-K STI characterized by watery discharge
  • D-K STI If left untreated, may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
  • D-K STI Newborns born to infected mothers can develop conjunctivitis and pneumonia
  • L1-L3 LGV Lymphogranuloma venereum characterized by tender inguinal lymphadenopathy
  • A-C blindness leading cause of blindness world wide
  • A-C: blindness transmitted by hand to eye contact, or fomites
  • Reactive arthritis
  • b"Reiter's syndromeuveitis"
  • b"Reiter's syndromeurethritis"
  • b"Reiter's syndromearthritis"
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia
  • Chlamydophila psittaci also causes pneumonia, transmitted by bird droppings
  • May use macrolides for treatment, oral macrolides effective against trachoma
  • Doxycycline is effective treatment
  • Commonly coinfected with gonorrhea
  • Chlamydia divided into three groups, Trachomatis also divided into three groups
  • Headache
  • Gram negative
  • No rash caused
  • Q-fever
  • Obligate intracellular organism
  • Contained in spore like structures in animal feces
  • Transmitted to humans via aerosol transmission, farm animals are major reservoir
  • Pneumonia
  • Fever
  • May cause hepatitis
  • Metronidazole for treatment
  • Gram variable staining
  • Bacterial overgrowth that disrupts normal flora is method of infection
  • Grayish-white malodorous "fishy" discharge
  • Infection occurs when pH over 4.5
  • KOH whiff test
  • Clue cell = epithelial cells coated with bacteria visible under microscope
  • Macrolide for treatment because no cell wall
  • b"No cell wall, can't appear on gram stain"
  • Cell membrane contains cholesterol
  • X-ray shows reticulonodular or "patchy" infiltrate, appears much worse than patients seem clinically
  • Walking pneumonia
  • Common in military recruits living in close quarters
  • Commonly occurs in young adults
  • IgM cold agglutinins cause agglutination of red blood cells
  • b"Eaton's agar"
  • Poor gram staining
  • Headache and fever in early Rickettsial infection
  • Rash may be associated with vasculitis
  • Doxycycline for treatment
  • Weakly gram negative
  • Coccobacillary shape
  • Unable to produce CoA, gets it from eukaryotic cells
  • Vasculitis
  • Unable to produce NAD+, important for bacterial growth and reproduction
  • Weil-Felix agglutination test for Rickettsial infections
  • Obligate intracellular organism
  • Encephalitis, with and confusion. can cause coma if very serious
  • Obligate intracellular organism
  • Require CoA and NAD+ for growth
  • Doxycycline treatment
  • Rash starts at trunk, and spreads outward towards extremities
  • Rash spares hands, head, and feet
  • Affects military camp recruits and prisoners of war
  • Spread by louse, defecates near bite spread to blood by scratching.
  • Spread by louse
  • Spread by louse
  • Illness is called epidemic typhus
  • Causes myalgia and arthalgia
  • Causes pneumonia
  • Doxycycline for treatment
  • Obligate intracellular organism
  • Poor gram staining
  • CoA and NAD+ necessary for growth, provided by host
  • Transmitted by direct bite of Dermacentor ticks
  • Transmitted by direct bite of Dermacentor ticks
  • Rash not immediate, incubation period between 2-14 days
  • Rash begins at extremities
  • Rash spreads centrally from extremities
  • Symptoms include headache, fever, myalgias